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PTSD and the Fight or Flight Response

PTSD and the Fight or Flight Response PTSD Related Conditions Print The Link Between PTSD and Fight or Flight Response By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on January 02, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children  PeopleImages/Getty Images Everyone is going to encounter some kind of stressful or dangerous situation in their lifetime, and fortunately, our body has a natural, built-in stress response to threatening situations called the fight or flight response. Learning about our bodys natural response to threat and danger can help us better understand the symptoms of PTSD. The Difference Between Anxiety and Fear Before we discuss what happens in the fight or flight syndrome, it is important to first discuss the difference between fear and anxiety. Fear is the emotion you experience when you are actually in a dangerous situation. Anxiety is what you experience leading up to a dangerous, stressful, or threatening situation. You may also experience anxiety when you think about something stressful or dangerous that could happen to you. Other words for anxiety may be dread or apprehensiveness. The difference between anxiety and fear can be illustrated nicely this way. Think about the last time you went on a roller coaster. Anxiety is what you felt when you were in line looking at the hills, steep drops, and loops, as well as hearing the screams of other riders. You also likely felt anxiety when on the roller coaster as you got closer to the top of the first hill. Fear is what you experienced as you went over the peak of the hill and started your fall down the first hill. Why Fear and Anxiety Are Different Despite Similar Responses Anxiety and Fear Are Adaptive, Automatic Responses You may be surprised to learn that anxiety and fear are often helpful emotions. In fact, the human race may not even exist if it were not for these hard-wired responses to danger and threat. Anxiety and fear provide us with information. That is, they tell us when danger is present, and they prepare us to act. When you are in a stressful or dangerous situation and experience fear and anxiety, your body goes through a number of changes:Your heart rate may increase.Your vision may narrow (sometimes called tunnel vision).You may notice that your muscles become tense.You may begin to sweat.Your hearing may become more sensitive. All of these changes are part of the fight or flight response. As the name implies, these changes are preparing you for immediate action. They are preparing you to flee, freeze (kind of like a deer does when caught in someones headlights), or to fight. All of these are adaptive bodily responses essentially designed to keep us alive, and because these responses are important to our survival, they occur quickly and without thought. They are automatic. The Downside It would be great if anxiety and fear only occurred in situations where we were in immediate danger. Unfortunately, it does not always work this way. For example, many people have fear and anxiety when speaking in front of other people. You may also have fear and anxiety when meeting someone new. A person with PTSD may experience fear and anxiety when they go out into crowded or cramped places, such as a grocery store or a subway. These situations are not dangerous in the sense that they dont threaten our survival. So, why might we have fear and anxiety in these situations? We have fear and anxiety in these situations because of the way we evaluate these situations. Our body cannot always tell the difference between real and imagined threats. Therefore, when we interpret a situation as threatening, our body is going to respond as though that situation is dangerous and threatening, even if it really isnt in actuality. The Fight or Flight Response and PTSD When people experience something traumatic and/or have PTSD, they may no longer feel as though the world is a safe place. It may feel as though danger is everywhere. As a result, a person may constantly be in a state of fear and anxiety. For this reason, cognitive-behavioral treatments for PTSD often focus a lot of attention on altering the ways in which people interpret their environment. Mindfulness may be another way of taking a step back from thoughts, reducing their power to activate the fight or flight response.

Theory of Modernity Essay - 928 Words

Theory of modernity is based on the notion of social progress, it implies that all of society, in whatever era they exist and in what region or were located, are involved in a single, all-consuming, the universal process of the ascent of human society from savagery to civilization. Culture of modernity is defining the development of European civilization for four centuries. It based on the idea of progress and human values, which are now, cherished every European: a democratic political system, economic freedom, professional excellence, autonomy, civil society and legal state. The French Revolution - perhaps the most powerful shock of the XVIII century - changed the face of France, giving it a modern character. It†¦show more content†¦As The Age of Enlightenment passed through Europe, these religious identities began to decline due to the development of national ones that were defined by set geographic regions. One of the main characteristics of modernity is the idea of sovereignty which by definition is the supreme and independent power of a state. The first concrete sovereign states came out during the Age of Enlightenment with the French Revolution and its upheavals in its classes as well as its government. The creation of a National Assembly from t he members of the Third Estate of France is directly linked to the creation of modern sovereignty and the emergence of an identity free of the traditional social order. Modernity arose during the Age of Enlightenment because there was great social and political upheaval going around. Ideas of the old were being thrown out in the favor of new and progressive ones. People began to move away from the feudalistic society that had set social orders with the church as the main power to a society with set geographic boundaries with the state as the supreme power and not the church. With this came a national identity that strayed away from religion and moved closer to the idea of a nation-state. Before the French Revolution, France was divided into three class systems known as estates. The First Estate was the clergy, the Second being the nobility and the Third being everyone else. The First and Second Estate held a majority ofShow MoreRelatedModernity and Classical Sociology Theory Essays1855 Words   |  8 Pages Paul de Man once said, â€Å"Modernity exists in the form of a desire to wipe out whatever came earlier, in the hope of reaching at least a point that could be called a true present, a point of origin that marks a new departure.† But what is he really trying to say? Modernity takes out the old and brings in the new, continually upgrading to something else? Modernity appears as a concept of change. It most commonly refers to the social conditions, processes, and discourses resulting from the Age ofRead MoreDurkheim And Weber s Theories Of Religion And Modernity962 Words   |  4 PagesEmile Durkheim and Max Weber are two prominent philosophers whose theories unequivocally differed on countless themes. The outlooks of Durkheim and Weber contrast however, their general message in which they attempt to convey are of similar ideologies. When examining Durkheim and the concept of sacred and profane, one would see how it parallels with Weber’s notion of enchantment and disen chantment. Their stances on religion correspond with each other and despite their distinct conceptual frameworksRead MoreWhat Is Modernity, And Is It A Helpful Concept For Understanding The World Today?851 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is modernity, and is it a helpful concept for understanding the world today? There are many ways to understand the term ‘modernity’. 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My primary goal here is to learn how to think critically like a political sociologist and be able to understand and use the major conceptsRead MoreThe Recent Engagement Of Contemporary Islamic Thought With Modernity875 Words   |  4 PagesSerhan Tanriverdi Contemporary Islamic Thought Dr. Ermin Sinanovic Reflection Paper The Recent Engagement of Contemporary Islamic Thought with Modernity in the West Modernization theory has been one of the master theoretical narratives to understand the major institutional and cultural transformation from traditional societies to modern ones. It was developed by the founders of sociology and has dominated the widespread understanding and explanations of many social differentiation processes includingRead MoreSocial Change and then Post Modernity1090 Words   |  4 PagesPost modernity was the successor of modernity in the time line of social change. It celebrates diversity and focuses thoroughly on the importance of the unconscious and puts emphasis on the free. It is an anything goes theory, full of new age beliefs and decisions. There is no consensus regarding when exactly postmodernity started, what it actually is, or whether it even exists. The term postmodern is irrational: modern means now, present, and up-to-date. Whereas postmodern means nothing but futureRead MoreAsses to the Extent in Which Soceity Has Entered a Period of Modernity12 83 Words   |  6 PagesThese sociologists being postmodernists. Until recent years society is said to have been in a state of Modernity (is that right..?) and postmodernists have argued we have entered into a stage of Post Modernity. This change in society could be seen as easily noticed by the changed through different changes within society, for example the change from Industrialisation to Globalisation. Modernity focuses greatly on the difference in class being an important factor in a modernist society, where as aRead MoreModernism And Postmodernism1207 Words   |  5 Pagesthe possibility of objective knowledge† and is therefore â€Å"skeptical of truth, unity, and progress†. (â€Å"Postmodernism†. Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian.) Postmodernism is the cultural or economic state, which came about after modernity. It can be termed as a broad movement in arts and philosophy, which started during the late 20th century. It is usually defined with negativity and is generally distinguished by a broad skepticism and subjectivism. Post-modernism itself was a reactionRead MoreHow I Understand Modernity As Well As The Emergence Of Sociology Essay1580 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I hear the word modernity what comes to mind is change or a new social order. The word modernity captures the world that we live in today and one that we have also inherited over the past 500 years. In trying to understand how the world is where it is now, as well as what has come before we use the concept of modernity to describe these changes or in other words the making of the modern world. In this paper I will outline how I understand modernity as well as the emergence of sociology. I will

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Bilingual programs and language interventions the challenges Free Essays

INTRODUCTION: A large problem with bilingual education programs is they simply do not work. Most do not take into account the social and cultural factors the weigh heavily on being able to learn a second language (Berry and Williams, 2004). There is too much variability in the programs to be effective. We will write a custom essay sample on Bilingual programs and language interventions: the challenges or any similar topic only for you Order Now The earlier the intervention takes place the more likely, the program will work. The goal is to develop a more uniform early grade intervention. Children are more likely to learn more languages as their cognitive functions are still in their primitive development stages and are therefore able to pick more information than an adult mind. The capacity to learn new words is higher in a child than in an adult (Franquiz, 1998). Therefore, any linguistic programs that are introduced in the early ages are more likely to succeed. Why Problem Exists There is a large discrepancy in the number and quality of English acquisition programs in the United States. Many teachers in these areas are not properly qualified and there are little resources available to them in this area. Teacher and peer interaction is vital in the development of English for both native and non-native English learners (Haworth et al, 2006). The lack of knowledge of English language is not only present in the foreign students or children with different mother tongue, but has also been seen in children of English speaking families. The lack of vocabulary is the single determinant cause of poor language development that can take place in any child. The lack of vocabulary may make it difficult for these children in language or knowledge acquisition.(Silverman, 2007) Children who are not used to story reading, read alouds, and good instructions on use of words are likely to suffer from poor language skills. Experiments have shown that good vocabularies improve language with almost equal speed in English speakers and non speakers alike. (Silverman, 2007) The role of teachers and their characteristics seem to have an important bearing on the quality of teaching that they possess. Many studies now prove the positive outcomes of a good teacher on a child. These positive outcomes are independent of the social or the home background the child may have(Franquiz, 1998). While in the past these studies were limited to other subjects, there are researches that have shown a somewhat similar outcome in language teachers as well. A good teacher is seen to improve the outcomes of children regarding the different language tasks such as phonation, letter and word use, grammar and composition etc. (Cirino et al, 2007) Many countries in the world look towards English speaking countries as the best places for education. Along side studies in these countries help in improving the proficiency of English language among these people, which in turn can help them advance in their professions. While this dream may be the best intentions of a parent, they are not ideal in nature. There seems to be a stigma placed on bilingualism and biculturalism. Children of different cultures when exposed to an English speaking environment may feel out of place to their social and cultural norms.   This can directly effect how a student performs in the classroom. The research carried out by Barry and Williams was aimed to identify the problems that many Hong Kong children face when they are exposed to international English speaking environments. The students surveyed outlined many issues that cause problems in the language learning. These included linguistic problems such as listening, speaking, writing, vocabulary and reading. Such children were in the listening end to understand what others were saying. (Berry and Williams, 2004) Many teachers need to know the benefits of having a bilingual classroom and the how to better support their students (Macrory, 2006). This lack of quality programs, ill prepared informed teachers, and high variability between programs produces very poor results by the students. Some studies show that almost a quarter of students in bilingual education do not become bilingual (Pearson, 2006). The goal of this intervention is to provide a more effective program for bilingual students. More so, interventions require teachers who are proficient in teaching children English and other languages properly (Ng, E.,1999). Language acquisition is an innate quality of an individual, and is an individual capacity of each human mind to learn it. There are many factors that govern the ability to learn a language. Apart from the innate ability of an individual to do so, metalinguistics, consciousness, teaching methods at school and acquisition of written system of language are also important deciding factors in the language learning.(Collier, 1995) Also of help in this area are issues such as phonology, vocabulary, the grammar, meaning and discourse etc. The acquisition of a second language is therefore a high thought process that requires a positive and continued quality feedback in order to be successfully learned. (Collier, 1995) The concept of provision of meaningful education among the children is an important concern for the educational boards. Yet the proper education teaching practices remain unknown. There are many reasons why these policies have been unsuccessful (Tencer Garrity, T. L. 2003). The first and the foremost problem was failing to identify language as part of the social context and social issues and that English may not be the mother tongue of many children.(Collier, 1995) Intervention The intervention will focus on trying to improve English ability at a young age. The goal is to try to increase the English ability of the students quickly and effectively. Research has shown that students learn faster in single language classrooms (Pà ¡ez, Tabors, and Lopez, 2007). For the purpose of this intervention, the classrooms will then be monolingual. The students will be taught all week in almost all Spanish. The intervention will be a daily English vocabulary lesson. They will lean the pronunciation, spelling, and meaning a few new English words every day. Since they will have a frame of reference since knowing the vocabulary in Spanish, they will be better able to process this information. A study by Silverman showed that English learner children can learn English at a similar if not faster rate than native English speakers. This intervention should be effective(Franquiz, 1998). Testing †¢ The intervention will tested on if the English ability of the students improved after the intervention. †¢ To do this the students will be given an English vocabulary pre and posttest. †¢ This will take part in three classroom at three schools †¢ The SES of each class and school will be roughly the same †¢ There will be two English learner groups and one Native speaker group †¢ Quasi experimental since you cannot control for a some variables such as some children being more familiar with English than other. †¢ The measure will test how much vocabulary the children in the program were able to learn. †¢ To be effective the English learner children should have learned the vocabulary at a similar rate as the native English speakers. DISCUSSION: These interventions in many ways depict the conceptual models that were introduced in the past, which comprised of essentially four components. Language in the past was not recognized as part of the cultural and social practices (Ng, E.,1999). This misidentification has led to the apparent failure of the language acquisition and language teaching procedures. According to Collier (1995), the acquisition and learning of a second knowledge is based on socio-cultural, linguistic, academic and cognitive processes, which in turn may be different for different children. These factors are so interdependent that examining one with out the influence of the other is impossible. (Collier, 1995) The sociocultural facet of language acquisition is in many ways similar yet dissimilar to the social factors of the society. Each individual has exposure to different societal influences, and thereby may have variable exposure to a certain language (Berry and Williams, 2004). In a class room environment, these exposures can lead to increase in confidence or increase in anxiety in the language development (Tencer Garrity, T. L. 2003). While those exposed to a certain language may feel at home with their own language studies and may perform well, others may feel anxiety and may not respond to it at all. The society’s pretext and manner towards the minority also causes many effects on the individual’s performance, for discrimination and prejudice may cause negative outcomes within an individual about his or her identity. It is in this context hypothesized that the introduction of positive environments may help in achieving results sooner, and thereby improves outcomes in language acquisition. (Collier, 1995) Language learning can also lead to affective problems in learning. These affective problems include lingual affective problems and social cultural affective problems as mentioned above. The confidence levels may not be very high in such cases, and this can affect their progress in their studies.(Berry and Williams, 2004) The role of a teacher under such circumstances becomes impirical, as it is them who will help build up the confidence of the children from different social and cultural backgrounds. (Berry and Williams, 2004) Language learning therefore is the method where proper learning also requires understanding and â€Å"learning† the culture of the language. If a person is to achieve bilingual competency, he or she must be able to carry out three processes. He or she must first learn the controls of linguistic rules of both languages. He or she must be able to encompass new cognitive dimensions associated with language. Finally he or she must be able to achieve the mental functions that are necessary for language acquisition. (Haworth et al, 2006) Yet simply labeling the mental faculties and predisposition towards learning languages and not considering the conscious efforts in learning it is not possible. It is through this manner that a teacher is able to confer this knowledge to his or her students. The teacher systematically helps a child in learning new methods of vocabulary and sentence learning, and thereby helps him or her in creating the foundations of the new language (Wright, S. C., Bougie, É., 2007). Interventions such as those mentioned above can help in creating better bilingual students who are at ease in their social and cultural environments. The teachers play an important role in helping foreign students get over their anxiety of discrimination and difficulty in fitting in to a new society (Wright, S. C., Bougie, É., 2007). Interventions at an early stage provide better results than those that are carried out at later stages. Understanding that culture and society are important factors in the acquisition of new language can help in improving the outcomes in students. References Berry, R. S. Y., Williams, M. (2004). In at the deep end: Difficulties experienced by Hong Kong Chinese ESL learners at an independent school in the United Kingdom. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 23(1), 118-134. Paul T Cirino, Sharolyn D Pollard-Durodola, Barbara R. Foorman, Coleen D Carlson and David J Francis, 2007. Teacher Characteristics, Class Room Instruction, and Student Literacy and Language Outcomes in Bilingual Kindergartners. The Elementary School Journal, VOl 107 No. 4, 2007 Virginia P Collier, 1995. Acquiring a Second Language for School. Directions in Language and Education. National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education. Vol 1 No. 4 fall 1995 Haworth, P., Cullen, J., Simmons, H., Schimanski, L., McGarva, P., Woodhead, E. (2006). The role of acquisition and learning in young children’s bilingual development: A sociocultural interpretation. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 9(3), 295-309. Macrory, G. (2006). Bilingual language development: What do early years practitioners need to know? Early Years An International Journal of Research and Development, 26(2), 159-169. Pà ¡ez, M. M., Tabors, P. O., Là ³pez, L. M. (2007). Dual language and literacy development of Spanish-speaking preschool children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28(2), 85-102. Pearson, B. Z. (2007). Social factors in childhood bilingualism in the United States. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28(3), 399-410. Silverman, R. D. (2007). Vocabulary development of English-language and English-only learners in kindergarten. The Elementary School Journal, 107(4), 365-383 Franquiz, M. I. (1998). The effects of bilingual education on academic achievement, language development, and self-esteem of hispanic children. US: ProQuest Information Learning. Ng, E. (1999). The impact of heritage education on self-esteem and ethnic identity. US: ProQuest Information Learning. Tencer Garrity, T. L. (2003). An investigation of the relationship between acculturation and academic performance, self-esteem, and ethnic identity with mexican-american children. US: ProQuest Information Learning. Wright, S. C., Bougie, É. (2007). Intergroup contact and minority-language education: Reducing language-based discrimination and its negative impact. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26(2), 157-181.    How to cite Bilingual programs and language interventions: the challenges, Essay examples

Liberalism versus Marxism

In an attempt to offer a better explanation to international political economy, observers in international relations have made use of diverse theories and perspectives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Liberalism versus Marxism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the most notable theories include Liberalism and Marxism. The two theories differ with regard to varying factors and components that impact on global integration. They include the thoughts and principles on such areas as the trade unions, international organizations, state’s sovereignty, multinational corporations, globalised economic processes, and international crime. Liberalism is based under the idea that giving people maximum freedom and liberty would help eliminate authoritarian political regimes, achieve higher levels of democracies, reduce civil wars and civil unrests and as result achieve global peace and prosperity. In Liberalism the g overnment applies little control over freedom. It is also leveled at the same degree of moral standards as its citizens. Liberalism is aims to achieve democracy, peace, free trade as well as international integration. Liberalism calls for commitment to tolerance as well as giving opportunity for right self-determination by citizens. It favors constitutional government which expresses the people’s democracy and that which applies collective rule of law. Liberalism requires that citizens in a state be given the opportunity to realise intellectual and economic liberty; this should form the basis for political order which applies minimal government regulation. In this case, the government’s role is to protect and promote the citizens economic and intellectual liberty. Liberalism also gives individuals the opportunity to follow their own initiatives (Evans and Newnham 1998, p.46). According to Evans Newnham (1998 p.61) liberalism is founded on four core beliefs in internat ional relations. Liberalism believes that peace can be best achieved by developing and strengthening democratic institutions on a global basis. It founded on the ideology that treaties and laws should be consensus-oriented and that state preference and not state capabilities should be the principal determinants of the conduct of every state. This implies that each state is given the opportunity to carry out an analogy into its domestic level concerning individual motivation of its citizens while pursuing positive international relations.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also believes that a natural harmony would enable nations and individuals make rational calculations which help integrate international interests and national interests. Thus liberalism encourages tolerance of preference through democratic institutions which are strengthened by enlightened educational instit utions. This would help promote rational calculations individuals and states and hence reduce the chances of wars. It acknowledges that preferences usually vary in states depending on the type of government, economic system and the culture of the country. Since it is governments that make war and not the people, establishing governments which represent the popular will of citizens and governance systems which employ democracy is most likely to encourage peace (Evans and Newnham 1998, p.62). It is also founded on the belief that disputes are better solved through established judicial procedures which are instituted and operate under the rule of law. Since the rule of law applies to states just the same way it applies to individuals, it is therefore fundamental to establish a voluntary international judicial organization to fulfill international legislative functions. This system should be able to preserve tolerance by encouraging as much independence and freedom among nations as poss ible. Finally, its other core belief is that collective security measures would effectively substitute the notion of self-help among states. The ideology of liberalism believes that the international community is able to identify belligerents by putting in place an effective alliance of law-abiding institutions and nations to oppose such forces. Thus liberalism is the ideology under which the United Nations and the League of Nations were established and have developed (Evans and Newnham 1998, p.62). Liberalism also believes on devising and implementing cooperative international economic institutions so as to enhance integration of international markets (Garrett 2000, p.108). Such actions are also aimed at achieving international economic stability. This has been the basis of foundations for institutions for fixed exchange rates and international monetary institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and international economic organizations such as World Trade Organization. In achieving effective international economic institutions states should have the autonomy to pursue their social and economic objectives while ensuring the rules and policies of the international relations (Garrett 2000, p.108).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Liberalism versus Marxism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marxism Marxism is founded on the idea that change and improvement of society can be best achieved by implementing socialism. In Marxist regimes the majority population spends their lives working to benefit the few rich wealthy ruling class. It applies the ideology of imperialism which integrates economic and geopolitical competition among nations (Prichard, 2007, p.409). Marxist political economy is closer to the economics as compared to the political economy of states. It was founded on the basis of internalisation of capital, interpenetration of private capital as well as nation-state (Harvey 199 9, p.242). Marxism isolates the predispositions and laws of capitalism so as to understand the direction of capitalism; and in this case the direction of capitalism is in four phases which include the beginning, maturity, decline and finally death (Harvey 1999, p.242). This helps it identify the transition and the successor to the particular society. This implies that Marxism has a period of inherent instability as it has decline and death phases (Prichard, 2007, p.409). In Marxism, financial capital plays a major role and as such states are rated and treated in accordance with their financial capital. It is more dependent on capital and imperialism (Prichard, 2007, p.430). Marxism employs various pragmatic measures to ensure that the finance capital achieves its goal. Marxism requires that regulations are imposed to control economic activities while pursuing the goal so as to ensure maximum profit in the least possible time (Prichard, 2007, p.430). Marxism is characterised by; divi sion of class, state promotion of social mobility; and provision of support to medium-sized and small businesses. These are aimed at making the social order more stable by exercising control over the poor majority. In countries that employ Marxism ideologies, regionalism, racism homophobia, xenophobia are bound to be experienced although developed states have laws prohibiting such kind of discrimination (Prichard, 2007, p.415). Marxism integrates capitalist systems of control to achieve surplus productions (Prichard, 2007, p.415). Forces are only applied during crisis in mature systems particularly when the system is threatened. In Marxism, states labour exists in an abstract form aimed at creating quantities (surplus) for sale. Thus the forms of control on production put in place according to Marxism are only concerned with quantity and not the welfare of the workforce. It ensures that the forms of control is particular to the means of production and is also in line with capitalist ic ideals. Marxism states that competition should aim at reducing labour to its homogenised form (Prichard, 2007, p.415).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marxism discourages the establishment of trade unions or company unions and therefore adopts several strategies to contain the workforce either by making concessions to them or even through direct repressions. It believes that such unions have political effect and can therefore lower quality and the quantity of production and as such limit the ability of firms to expand (Prichard, 2007, p.428). Marxism does not apply social democracy since it is likely to threaten their rule. It applies various strategies to prevent unionisation of workers. Such measures may include casualisation of labour, creating divisions between long-term and temporary workers among many other tactics. Marxism also discourages establishment of legal institutions which promote human rights either through direct oppression of human rights groups or through other illegal forms which weaken the human rights groups. It promotes the growth of the middle class since this group would enable implementation of authoritar ian regimes whenever the movement of the society favoured their class (Prichard, 2007, p.428). Marxism ensures political controls by applying bureaucracy and by applying political-legal forms of control on recruitment into the civil service (Prichard, 2007, p.410). A few individuals who control the political economy of such states control the forms of communication to ensure that vital political information are channeled through privately owned media so as to communicate agendas that favour them. They also apply economic pressures over the individuals in the nation especially the majority low class population. Such states have highly autocratic political economic systems which are practised under the guise of democracy. In such systems, only individuals in high positions in the state are consulted. They are also not ordered on what to do but are assumed to know the best options for the system. Such states also work to preserve a flourishing small business sector. This is mainly cont rolled by the public sector and the few professional middle class group thus ensuring that this group climbs up the social and economic ladder. Such states promote more and more privatisation of the public services. Marxism encourages monopoly in the economy since the rich firms and entrepreneurs supply the small businesses with almost everything. The regulations and laws defending competition are not very effective. Such policies which protect the interests of a small rich majority are bound to bring polarisation in such states. Marxism applies socialisation of labour and production. These are bound to destabilise the internal political economic systems (Nealon 2008, p.61). In Marxist regimes, markets are more regulated and are limited in their operations (Nealon 2008, p.54). The markets are determined by the pool of labour and the surplus production. It believes that opening up the market for the international community is bound to threaten the national economic stability and that of the few rich individuals who monopolise the economic sectors of the state. In imperialism, free trade is destructive and is a potential cause of inter-imperialist conflict (Prichard, 2007, p.417). States which practice the ideology of imperialism or Marxism in that case believe that having direct control over the spigots where the most essential commodity in the global economy would certainly enable strengthen their economic positions and therefore have an edge over their key rivals (Garrett 2000, p.116). Marxists regimes are likely to apply political and military wars in attempts to solve their economic crisis. Geopolitical rivalries form part dynamic imperialism. Inter-imperialist conflicts normally lead to warfare. Thus unlike liberalist states, such regimes do not believe in forming voluntary international judicial system for solving inter-state or international conflicts. Thus internationally, imperialist states dependent more on their military strength to defend their poli tical economies (Garrett 2000, p.116). Summary Liberalism is bent towards political economy while Marxism is more concerned with economics and maximization of profits. Liberalism believes in equal rights and individual liberty as Marxism supports the ideology of differentiation of social class and struggle to achieve higher order social class. States which adopt liberalisms in their governments and governance structure believe in democracy and giving individuals economic and intellectual freedom while Marxism believes in authoritarian rule where individuals are controlled by applying economic pressure on them. Liberalism promotes democracy through institutions to encourage human rights while Marxism discourages establishment of institutions that promote individual rights. Institutions such as trade unions are seen to affect the capacity of the state and the regime to achieve maximum production and profit. Liberalism promotes liberal democracy which promotes active political particip ation by all the individuals and encourages their participation by enabling access to information. Marxism applies discriminative active political participation by applying bias in recruitments in political activities and public service. Marxism does not promote free flow of vital information to the general public and instead the wealthy ruling class use private media to present information which are subjective and which work for their benefits. Liberalism also encourages free trade through formation of international economic communities and international economic policies. It applies minimal policy regulations on trade. Marxism on the other hand is bent on protecting economic monopoly by the wealthy class and therefore views economic integration of states as destructive to the economic stability of the state. It therefore works to excessively regulate trade activities. Liberalism believes in achieving international justice through voluntary international judicial institutions which apply the rule of law while at the same time ensuring independence and freedom of individuals and states. Marxism believes in achieving solutions to geopolitical conflicts through political and military wars. In order to achieve democratic societies which respect the rule of law and promotes human rights governments and the international community should aim at implementing the ideals liberalism. Marxism is more authoritarian and would encourage more oppression on individuals as well as civil and international wars. Adopting the ideology of liberalism globally would encourage peaceful coexistence and stable economic growth to individuals and states. Reference List Evans, G., Newnham, J., 1998, The Penguin dictionary of international relations. New York: Penguin. Garrett, G., 2000, Shrinking states? Globalization and national autonomy. In the political economy of globalization. ed. Ngaire Woods, 107-46. London: Macmillan. Harvey, D., 1999, Limits to Capital. London: Verso. Pp. 239- 324. Nealon, J.. 2008. Genealogies of Capitalism. Stanford: Stanford UP. Pp.54-73. Prichard, C., 2007. Responding to class theft: Theoretical and empirical links to critical management studies. Rethinking Marxism, Vol.19, No. 3, pp. 409-421. This essay on Liberalism versus Marxism was written and submitted by user Nathaly G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Understanding Where Money Goes in the Stock Market

Understanding Where Money Goes in the Stock Market When a stock market price for a company suddenly takes a nosedive, a stakeholder may wonder where the money they invested went. Well, the answers not so simple as someone pocketed it. Money that enters the stock market through investment in a companys shares stays in the stock market, though that shares value does fluctuate based on a number of factors. The money invested initially in a share combined with the current market value of that share determine the net worth of shareholders and the company itself. It may be easier to understand this given a specific example such as three investors - Becky, Rachel, and Martin - entering the market to buy a share of Company X, wherein Company X is willing to sell one share of their company in order to increase capital and their net worth through investors. An Example Exchange in the Market In this scenario, Company X has no money but owns one share that it would like to sell the open exchange market while Becky has $1,000, Rachel has $500, and Martin has $200 to invest. If Company X has an Initial Public Offering (IPO) of $30 on the share and Martin buys it, Martin would then have $170 and one share while Company X has $30 and one less share. If the market booms and Company Xs stock price goes up to $80 per share, then Martin decides to sell his stake in the company to Rachel, Martin would then exit the market with no shares but up $50 from his original net worth to now total $250. At this point, Rachel has $420 left but also acquires that share of Company X, which remains unaffected by the exchange. Suddenly, the market crashed and Company X stock prices plummet to $15 a share. Rachel decides to opt out of the market before it goes any further down and sells her share to Becky; this places Rachel with no shares at $435, which is down $65 from her initial net worth, and Beck at $985 with Rachels stake in the company as part of her net worth, totaling $1,000. Where the Money Goes If weve done our calculations correctly, the total money lost has to equal the total money gained and the total number of stocks lost has to equal the total number of stocks gained. Martin, who gained $50, and Company X, who gained $30, have collectively gained $80, while Rachel, who lost $65, and Becky, who is sitting on a $15 investment, collectively lost $80, so no money has entered or left the system. Similarly, AOL’s one stock loss is equal to Becky’s one stock gained. To calculate the net value of these individuals, at this point, one would have to assume the current stock exchange rate for the stake, then add that to their capital in the bank if the individual owns stock while subtracting the rate from those who are down a share. Company X would, therefore, have a net value of $15, Marvin $250, Rachel $435, and Beck $1000. In this scenario, Rachels lost $65 has gone to Marvin, who gained $50, and to Company X, who has $15 of it. Further, if you change the value of the stock, the total net amount Company X and Becky are up will be equal to $15, so for every dollar the stock goes up, Becky will have a net gain of $1 and Company X will have a net loss of $1 - so no money will enter or leave the system when the price changes. Note that in this situation nobody put more money in the bank from the down market. Marvin was the big winner, but he made all his money before the market crashed. After he sold the stock to Rachel, hed have the same amount of money if the stock went to $15 or if it went to $150. Why Does Company Xs Value Increase When Stock Prices Fall? It is true that Company Xs net value does go up when the stock price goes down because when the price of the stock plunges, it becomes cheaper for Company X to repurchase the share they sold to Martin initially. If the stock price goes to $10 and they repurchase the share from Becky, they will be up to $20 as they initially sold the share for $30. However, if the stock price goes to $70 and they repurchase the share, they will be down $40. Note that unless they actually make this transaction Company X does not gain or lose any cash from changes in the share price. Lastly, consider Rachels situation. If Becky decides to sell her share to Company X, from Rachels perspective it doesn’t matter what price Becky charges Company X as Rachel will still be down $65 no matter what the price. But unless Company actually makes this transaction, theyre up to $30 and down one share, no matter what the market price of that share is. By constructing an example, we can see where the money went, and see that the guy making all the money made it just before the crash happened.

25 Favorite Portmanteau Words

25 Favorite Portmanteau Words 25 Favorite Portmanteau Words 25 Favorite Portmanteau Words By Mark Nichol One of the many compensating charms of the often infuriating English language is the ease with which speakers and writers may exercise creativity and inventiveness. One of its most inventive components is the portmanteau word one formed by combining two words into a single (and often deprecating and/or ironically humorous) term that denotes a new concept, or one for which a satisfactory term was heretofore unavailable. Here are twenty-five such terms, their parent words, and their meanings. 1. Affluenza (affluence/influenza): anxiety or dissatisfaction caused by submission to consumerism 2. Anacronym (anachronism/acronym): an acronym derived from a phrase no longer widely known (for example, radar) 3. Anticipointment (anticipation/disappointment): the letdown after hype gives way to reality 4. Backronym (back/acronym): a word presented as an acronym after the fact (for example, the name of the car brand Ford was derisively backronymed to stand for â€Å"Fix Or Repair Daily†) or mistakenly believed to be an acronym (the Morse code distress signal is erroneously said to stand for â€Å"Save Our Souls†) 5. Blaxploitation (black/exploitation): a genre of pulp entertainment most prevalent during the 1970s, when African American culture began to permeate US society that exploits clichà ©s about black people 6. Bodacious (bold/audacious): insolent or unrestrained, extraordinary or impressively large, or extremely attractive 7. Celebutant(e) (celebrity/debutant(e)): someone famous for being famous, with no apparent talent except self-promotion 8. Chillax (chill/relax): behave, calm down, or relax 9. Cocacolonization (Coca-Cola/colonization): the aggressive introduction or pervasive influence of American consumerism on other cultures 10. Cosplay (costume/play): wearing costumes and accessories that resemble those of characters from various forms of popular culture, or the subculture that engages in cosplay 11. Craptacular (crap/spectacular): entertainment so poor in quality as to be ironically captivating, or hyped but ultimately disappointing 12. Edutainment (education/entertainment): educational material presented in a format intended to attract with its entertainment value) 13. Frankenfood (Frankenstein/food): genetically modified food 14. Frenemy (friend/enemy): a supposed friend whose actions and/or behavior are characteristic of a foe 15. Gaydar (gay/radar): the ability to identify a person as a homosexual based on observation of the person’s appearance and/or behavior 16. Ginormous (gigantic/enormous): huge 17. Infotainment (information/entertainment): information presented in a format intended to attract with its entertainment value 18. Interrobang (interrogative/bang): a combination question mark and exclamation point 19. McMansion (McDonalds/mansion): a blandly generic large house 20. Metrosexual (metropolitan/heterosexual): a man who appears to be inordinately concerned about personal aesthetics and/or is perceived for this quality as being homosexual 21. Mockumentary (mock/documentary): a feature film that spoofs the documentary form 22. Netocracy (Internet/aristocracy): an elite demographic distinguished by facility with technology and online networking 23. Screenager (screen/teenager): the typical adolescent who indulges excessively in screen entertainment 24. Sexploitation (sex/exploitation): pulp entertainment intended primarily to titillate 25. Shopaholic (shop/alcoholic): someone addicted to shopping A portmanteau word, as described by Humpty Dumpty in Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass, is (inspired by the word for a suitcase with two opposite compartments) a case of â€Å"two meanings packed up into one word.† Many such terms, most of which are in the mainstream vocabulary and some of which are not widely recognized as invented terms already exist. More mundane portmanteau words represent dual ideas in many contexts, including entertainment (cineplex, docudrama, infomercial), sports (heliskiing, parasailing, slurve), and technology (avionics, camcorder, pixel), as well as hybridization of breeds or species (cockapoo, jackalope, liger). Some older examples include electrocution (electricity/execution), motel (motor/hotel), motorcade (motor/cavalcade), prissy (prim/sissy, though it may be simply a variation of precise), rollicking (rolling/frolicking), and ruckus (ruction, rumpus). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical Words50 Latin Phrases You Should KnowProverb vs. Adage